China’s foreign reserves hold steady as external earnings stay in private hands

China’s foreign exchange reserves barely budged last year despite a record US$1.18 trillion trade surplus, as the country’s massive external earnings increasingly wound up on the balance sheets of domestic households, commercial banks and corporations rather than in Beijing’s central coffers, a new report from the Institute of International Finance (IIF) shows. China has long been a major net creditor to the rest of the world. But in 2025, its non-reserve sector – banks, companies and investors...